Acne is so annoying! It can make even the toughest guy feel small and embarrassed by his looks. Suffering from acne feels like nothing short of a curse. I should know, I started getting acne breakouts during my junior year in high school. What great timing huh? I can’t think of anything I hated more than having painful, ugly bumps and scars all over my face during what was supposed to be some of the best years of my life.

My acne just got even worse when I started to get breakouts in areas other than my face…

I got called lots of names and I was the butt of many jokes as a result of my body acne. Fact of the matter is, it’s hard to find a lot of good information or products specializing in dealing with body acne because its presence is minimized due to the prevalence of other skin conditions. Still, body acne causes a great deal of pain and suffering for those who have it.

Since you’re reading this I think it’s safe to assume you know a little about the frustration of having body acne that I’m speaking of. I suppose that’s enough dwelling on the negative aspects of it, so I’ll just get to the point.

Honestly, there isn’t much joy at all in trying to find the best treatment for your acne…especially when you have body acne. It’s hard enough just facing yourself in the mirror each day, but going through bum products that don’t live up to their promises is almost too much for some people.

You don’t actually have to go through all of this. There are some really great products out there that can clear up your acne (without damaging you skin any further), and allow those pesky acne scars time to finally heal and go away for good.

Believe it or not, you don’t need any magic products to have clear skin for life. One thing many acne sufferers overlook is basic health, which is key for maintaining clear skin. Simply drinking water everyday, incorporating fresh veggies and fruits in your regular diet, and light exercise will show you a whole world of difference in the health of your skin.

It makes sense though that you might need the help of a good product to get you on your way to clear skin sooner than later. A good body acne product will work with your body’s natural cycle, not force it, to heal you acne.

There is a body acne treatment that is gaining in popularity, many people that have cleared up their skin with this product remain clear today, so this is worth a try for you too:Body Acne Treatment. Click here for the acne scar remedy that is widely known for fading acne scars in as little as 6 days:Best Acne Scar Products

Halitosis affects nearly everyone. While it is gauged that up to a third of the population gets chronic bad breath problems during the day, the shocking truth about morning breath is that nearly no one escapes from it, with it affecting almost the whole world.

One funny fact about morning breath is that it actually has very little to do with the time of day! Instead, your bad breath in the morning comes as a direct result of you sleeping, so perhaps the term “wake up breath” would be more appropriate than the term “morning breath.”

What happens is that while you sleep, some of your body’s functions are retarded (slowed down). This is done as a protective measure. One of the things that is slowed down while you sleep is your salivation. Can you imagine what would happen if you salivated at your usual pace while you were sleeping? It would cause problems, to be sure. The thing is, saliva is a big part of what helps keep our mouth clean and fresh.

You don’t need someone to tell you if you have morning breath; you can usually quite literally taste the imbalance in your mouth, and can tell that your breath doesn’t smell too good. You may be embarrassed even as you read this, but remember — morning breath is something that nearly everyone suffers from, so don’t beat yourself up over it!

The good news is that by curing your morning breath, you also rid yourself of its most annoying symptoms, such as that bad taste in your mouth.

So, how do you go about curing morning breath? Let’s take a closer look at saliva. The reason that saliva helps to stop bad breath is that healthy saliva carries high concentrations of oxygen, a natural enemy of the culprit bacteria. While we can’t force our brain to salivate while we sleep, what we CAN do is find ways to replicate the effect that saliva has.

One way that you can replicate this effect that saliva has is by using common home ingredients such as hydrogen peroxide to limit the production of the bacteria during the night. Alternatively, there are powerful products that do an even better job of preventing morning breath.

It may be true that most people suffer from morning breath, but the truth is that you can do something about it so why deal with it at all? Best of all, getting rid of morning breath properly only takes a few minutes of your time and is inexpensive. In light of all that, I see absolutely no reason that anyone should continue to have morning breath.

Here is some additional information about bad breath in the morning, for those who want it: Stop Morning Breath. However, if you feel like you’d rather get some information on curing bad breath in general, then this is more up your alley: Cure for Chronic Bad Breath.

A hypnotic state can be obtained by simply watching TV or driving. It can also be obtained other ways but they require practice, training and time. It is very difficult to produce this state without those things on command. However it is not impossible to achieve this once you learn how to properly do it. There are many products online which offer to teach you hypnosis, however you may find it best to try a few private sessions before committing to buy expensive online programs.

Learning about your body and reaction is critical to learning hypnosis. Each of us will react differently to the state and you should be prepared for what to expect. This is one reason why a private session is recommended first. Some people feel “tingly” or like they are floating while under hypnosis. The mind may feel numb or blank while you are under. Others might not feel these things what so ever. For first timers who have not been hypnotized, you might be unsure of what you are supposed to feel which can be intimidating.

Another way in which a personal session can help is by experiencing how you work through your issues. Hypnosis can be used to help with a variety of issues such as weight loss, smoking or gambling. Not everyone reacts or has the same experiences which lead them to hypnosis. Some people may relive a tragic event in their past which lead them to gaining weight, while having a one on one session, the hypnotist is able to help the client work through the issue instead of them dealing with it at home and alone.

Ultimately we all want the same thing, progress. A professional will provide a plan and a tracking method so you can see if the hypnosis is working or not working. The hypnotist can formulate a program and talk with you about your progress and if need be, change the plan. If you uncover something new you want to work on, your hypnotist can work that into your plan as well. Progressing in treatment is important, if you are not seeing progress, it becomes more difficult to stay with the program.

Online hypnosis products such as CD’s can be very valuable and helpful to clients it they are used together. The CD’s can help you to lean to put yourself in a hypnotic state fairly quickly while you are at home. They can help you understand and be comfortable with the physical and mental feelings of hypnosis so once you come to your one on one session you will not be nervous about being put under. You will already know what to expect. The time between sessions the CD’s help clients to continue practicing going under and maintain their progress.

Some might feel the private sessions are a waste of time and money since there are products online. While it may be true, online products are cheaper, however private sessions are invaluable for advancement and achieving results quickly. Private sessions are tailor made for each your individual progress and personality.

Try it out you have nothing to lose. Talk with your hypnotist about the CD’s or DVD’s you found online. Try a private session and see how you feel afterward. There are many different ways of being hypnotized and the best way all depends on you. So do your research but think about the importance of a personalized session before making the decision to not try it at all. The choice is yours, but don’t short yourself.

The most modern hypnosis techniques available in this quit smoking hypnotherapy download available from Quick Hypnosis!

Depression is a mental illness that is usually characterized by protracted periods of sadness and melancholy, say the experts from the medical field of psychiatry.

However, just because one person slopes around and hates the world in general, it doesn’t necessarily mean that he/she is suffering from depression, but if this kind of behaviour, that feeling of emptiness, loss of self-worth and absolute lack of hope for happiness continues , then, that individual could be, indeed, depressed. Still, there are several types of depression too.

Manic or Bipolar depression is characterized by sudden and extreme mood swings – one minute he or she is euphoric while the next minute (day or week), he or she feels as if he or she is hell.

Postpartum depression is characterized by a protracted sadness and a lengthy feeling of emptiness by a new mother where physical stress during child birth, an uncertain sense of responsibility towards the new born child can be just some of the possible reasons why some new mothers go through this.

Dysthimia – characterized by a slight similarity with depression, although this time, it’s been proven to be a lot less severe, but of course with any case of illness, should be seen to immediately.

Cyclothemia is characterized by only a slight similarity with Manic or Bipolar depression wherein the sufferer of this mental disease has a problem with rapid mood swings.

Seasonal Affective Disorder – characterized by being depressed only during specific seasons (i.e. Winter, Spring, Summer or Fall). However, studies prove that more people actually become ill during the Winter and Fall seasons. Or they could suffer from mood swings, wherein a person’s mood may shift from happy to sad to angry in quite a short time.

‘Clinical depression’ or as some call it, ‘major depression’, is the correct medical term for depression. In fact, clinical depression is more a disorder than an illness, because it refers only to those who are suffering from the symptoms that cause depression.

However, in spite of being an actual disorder, clinical depression can be treated. Doctors are usually highly optimistic that patients suffering from clinical depression will soon be well on their way to good mental health as long as they are treated as soon as they have been diagnosed. Patients who have sought treatment for clinical depression have proven to be quite successful in their quest, given that 80 percent of those treated have found relief from their disorder.

For those who may be seeking answers to questions related to clinical depression, the depression section of the health center is highly recommended, as well as books on psychiatry and the Internet – which can offer a lot of helpful information, although self treatment is highly disapproved of. Clinical depression may not pose as much of a threat as the other types of mental illness, but it is best to leave it in the hands of professionals who can safely attend to and cure this disorder.

Doctors now recognize the link between anger and depression, discover more on our website at http://www.anger-management.the-real-way.com/

Stress can be defined many different ways. The most common definition is, stress is the body’s response to an outside situation in one’s life. Stress effects one’s environment, life and others around them in many ways. Sometimes these situations get the better of us and we have trouble dealing with the feelings of stress. You may become irritable, hostile, angry or overly sensitive just to name a few. Sometimes our physical body deals with the stress in an unhealthy way as well. You may have high blood pressure, become depressed, develop ulcers, or have a heart attack. It is important to learn what your stress triggers are and how to deal with both the triggers and the effects. Only by learning this will you be able to successfully manage your stress.

Triggers can be a variety of things. It could be something immediate such as the threat of physical danger, preparing for a date or a speech. These situations are instant and usually over quickly allowing your body to return to normal. The trigger could be something more serious and long term such as a divorce, financial problems, moving or a sick family member. These long term situations tend to have a more dangerous effect on the body and person.

Learning to deal with triggers is crucial to stress management. Hypnosis can assist you on your path to inner peace. It will help you to learn what your trigger is and it can change your body’s response to that trigger. Some people know their triggers but others might require help finding them, hypnosis can do this. Hypnosis is a highly effective treatment for stress management.

Most people want to lead a happy and peaceful life. Stress does not allow that. The body’s reaction to stress is different for everyone. Stress can be the cause of low work performance, sleep deprivation, or other addictions such as alcoholism, drugs and smoking. Your body might respond through skin breakouts, grinding your teeth, a panic attack or a low immune system. Just having some of these problems can lead to even more stress.

Hypnosis can help you avoid chronic problems caused by stress. It will allow you to control your breathing and become deeply relaxed. You will learn to manage your stress in a healthy manor. It will help you face your stressors and triggers head on instead of bottling them up. Others may choose other ways of dealing with stress, such as medication, counseling or exercise but they are not dealing directly with the trigger and response. Hypnosis will address all of these things, it will even help you in other areas of your life that might cause you more stress such as weight loss, self confidence and fears.

With all the research and studies being done on stress and stress management, there have been many new discoveries and theories on what works best for stress reduction. The decision is yours. You need to decide what method will work best for you and your lifestyle. I would not delay. Stress is something we are all going to have in our lives at some point. The sooner you decide what is right for you, the sooner stress will be eliminated.

Quick Hypnosis has the best Quit smoking hypnotherapy programs available!

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This past week we saw the news media captivated by the idea that a 6-year-old boy, Falcon Heene had been carried off by a weather balloon. That is until the boy was later found in his own garage attic and shortly thereafter it was revealed on a television news show that the entire incident was likely a hoax. In replying to a reporter’s question, the young Falcon turned to his dad on camera and said, “You guys said that, umm, we did this for the show.” Oops.

The parents – Richard Heene and Mayumi Heene – have all along claimed it was not a hoax or a publicity stunt. Now, according to The New York Times, the parents will voluntarily surrender to police as soon as charges are filed, which is expected to happen on Wednesday.

While the truth continues to unfold, the police in the investigation have concluded it was likely indeed a publicity stunt: “We have evidence to indicate it was a publicity stunt done with the hope of marketing themselves to a reality-television show sometime in the future,” said Larimer County sheriff Jim Alderden on Sunday afternoon at a news conference in Fort Collins, Colorado.

So that leaves us with the inevitable question – what could possibly psychologically motivate parents to use their child’s very life in order to further themselves?

We see clues to the answer in some other information that’s trickling out about the parents. ABC News noted that former business partner Barbara Slusser – who chased hurricanes and other storms with the Heenes – that they parted ways when Slusser felt that the Heenes often put their kids in harm’s way. Slusser told ABC News, “The last straw for us was when Hurricane Gustav and Hurricane Ike were heading toward the Texas coastline and Heene wanted to go back there and take the kids.”

So we seem to have a set of parents who already don’t quite understand the idea of how to raise children in a safe, responsible and thoughtful manner, thinking nothing of storm-chasing hurricanes and tornadoes with their young children in tow. Storm-chasing, of course, can be a very dangerous and unpredictable endeavor. One of the reasons adults do it is for the thrill of the unpredictability of the storm – putting oneself in harm’s way to experience a ferocious component of nature. But your children? They aren’t old enough to make such decisions for themselves – they trust their parents’ good judgment and experience.

But an account on Gawker by someone who worked with Richard Heene sheds even more light on the Heenes’ motivation – money and additional fame. This was a family that had been on the television program, Wife Swap, and they had already tasted celebrity. They wanted more of it.

Carlo Mueres is a talented depression therapist who have been working with depression for seven years. If you want more his help please check his depression and anxiety guide!

Skimming through Real Simple magazine at the check out line of the supermarket, I came across Dr. Robert Leahy’s “10 Ways to Cope with Anxiety.” Dr. Leahy is the director of the American Institute for Cognitive Therapy and the author of many books on the subject. His suggestions will help you calm your nerves:

1) Repeat your worry until you’re bored silly.

“take the troublesome thought that’s nagging at you and say it over and over, silently, slowly, for 20 minutes. It’s hard to keep your mind on a worry if you repeat it that many times.”

Dr. Leahy calls this technique “the boredom cure. “Behavioral scientists call it ‘flooding’. I’m not so keen about this technique for my extremely anxious patients who are having trouble regulating their thoughts and emotions. If your anxiety is on the milder side, however, and you have the courage to do this, I recommend you think about your worries while practicing relaxation techniques to keep your body as calm as possible.

2) Make it worse.

“When you try too hard to control your anxieties, you only heighten them. Instead exaggerate them and see what happens.”

This is a good one. When I suggest it to my patients I call it the ‘Bring it on’ technique or ‘Fake it ’til you make it’. By inviting what scares you, you learn on your time that you can survive your fears instead of waiting to be bushwhacked by them.

Sports psychologists use this all the time. When I was terrified my horse would shy and dump me on the ground, my coach told me to stop trying to keep my mare from bolting. Instead she told me expect her to shy, to look forward to it. That attitude helped me relax and so did the horse.

3) Don’t fight the craziness.

“You mayhave thoughts that lead you to think you’ll do something terribleor that you’re going insane Remember – our minds are creativeevery now and then ‘crazy’ thoughts jump out. Everyone has them.”

In the weeks after my first child was born, when I was exhausted, sleep deprived and in the grips of baby blues, I had thoughts of throwing my screaming baby out the window. Those thoughts terrified me. Tearfully, I confessed my horrible thoughts to my mother who shrugged and said, “We all think something like that at some time. You didn’t act on it, did you?” She assured me I wasn’t crazy. I could relax.

My patients are sometimes surprised when I suggest they allow themselves to imagine doing something outrageous like throwing a banana cream pie at their nasty boss’s puss. Unleashing our creative minds may be just what we need to de-stress.

4) Recognize false alarms.

“Many thoughts and sensations that we interpret as cues for concern-even panic-are just background noise. Think of each of them [rapid heart beat, tensing of muscles] as a fire engine going to another place.”

5) Turn your anxiety into a movie.

“..imagine that your anxious thoughts are a show while you sit in the audience, eating popcorn, a calm observer.”

This is a good way to exercise ‘detachment,’ stepping outside of the anxiety just enough to keep your thinking brain working. Another technique I suggest is to imagine the worry happening to a friend, not you. Then imagine talking to your friend. What would you say to them? How can you be supportive?

6) Set aside worry time.

“Try setting aside 20 minutes everyday-let’s say 4:30 PM-just for your worries. If you are fretting at 10 AM, jot down the reason and resolve to think about it later. By the time 4:30 comes around, many of your troubles won’t even matter anymore.”

7) Take your hand off the horn.

“When you desperately try to take command of things that can’t be controlled, you’re more like the swimmer who panics and slaps the water screaming Instead, imagine that you are floating along on the water with your arms spread outIt’s a paradox, but when you surrender to the moment, you actually feel far more in control.”

Breathe it out.

“Focusing on breathing is a common but effective technique for calming the nerves.”

This a classic, oldy, but goody. If you do it right, deep, mindful breathing is better than Valium.

9) Make peace with time.

“Every feeling of panic comes to an end, every concern eventually wears itself out, every so-called emergency seems to evaporate.”

When we are in the midst of a panic attack we feel it will last forever or else we will die. Remembering the fact that panic attacks and anxiety in milder form is finite, usually not lasting more than ten minutes. Dr. Leahy also counsels:

“Ask yourself, ‘How will I feel about this in a week or a month?’ This one, too, really will pass.”

10) Don’t let your worries stop you from living your life.

“What can you still do even if you feel anxious? Almost anything.”

Not all anxiety is bad. Keep in mind that some highly productive people transform their anxiety into motivation to do better and achieve much, both great and small.

Carlo Mueres is a excellent depression therapist who have been working with depression for seven years. If you want more his help please check his depression and anxiety guide!

A nervous breakdown refers to a mainstream and often-used term to generically describe someone who experiences a bout of mental illness that is so severe, it directly impacts their ability to function in everyday life. The specific mental illness can be anything – depression, anxiety, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, or something else. But the reference to a “nervous breakdown” usually refers to the fact that the person has basically stopped their daily routines – going to work, interacting with loved ones or friends, even just getting out of bed to eat or shower.

A nervous breakdown can be seen as a sign that one’s ability to cope with life or a mental illness has been overwhelmed by stress, life events, work or relationship issues. By disconnecting from their regular responsibilities and routines, an individual’s nervous breakdown may allow them to try and regroup their coping skills and temporarily relieve the stress in their life.

Someone with a nervous breakdown may be seen as having “checked out” from society temporarily. They no longer maintain their social relationships with others, and find it difficult or impossible to go to work and may call in sick multiple days in a row. People with a nervous breakdown often don’t even have the coping resources available to take care of themselves, or do much more than rudimentary self-care and maintaining. They may over-eat (if it provides them comfort) or simply fail to eat altogether, not feeling the need or energy to do so.

Since a nervous breakdown is not a clinical or scientific term, it’s meaning can also vary in terms of its length and severity, as well as outcomes. Many people who suffer from a nervous breakdown usually seek out treatment (or have treatment sought out on their behalf by a loved one), and treatment is usually on the serious end of the spectrum of all the interventions available. Inpatient hospitalization for a serious nervous breakdown would not be unusual, to help a person become stabilized and find an effective treatment strategy for the mental disorder they’re affected by.

People who suffer from a nervous breakdown and seek out treatment for it will usually recover from the most extreme depths of the “breakdown” within a few weeks’ time (which may be quickened with inpatient psychiatric treatment). Longer-term recovery usually takes months of ongoing outpatient treatment with mental health specialists, such as a psychiatrist or psychologist.

A nervous breakdown is not a condition to be afraid of, as it is simply an indication of overhwelming stress and mental illness in a person’s life. Loved ones and friends of someone who is suffering from a nervous breakdown should be supportive of the individual’s efforts in seeking help for it.

Carlo Mueres is a excellent depression therapist who have been working with depression for seven years. If you want more his help please check his depression and anxiety guide!

A lot of people who over extend themselves, use up not only all their physical strength, but they also tend to over-extend their mental powers to the point where they simply need a proper holiday.

Many busy people who are unable to understand the idea of relaxing and taking time of from work, as well as from their worries, have nervous breakdowns, anxiety depression and all sorts of mental illnesses that cause a person’s mental health to waver. Luckily, if you are one of those people who is incapable of relaxing and who is constantly worrying and fussing over things, there are several cures and remedies available for helping you deal with anxiety depression.

Anxiety depression is actually notable for all sorts of strange behaviour and erratic mood swings in the person who is suffering from it. This is usually because of specific stress triggers. Furthermore, a lot of people who tend to become easily worked up over stressful situations are actually prone to having anxiety depression. It is actually a matter of being strong-willed when it comes to facing difficult and stressfull activities. It may be pretty hard to do at first, but trying to be calm and cool in times of extreme pressure is what will prevent your mental health from going into a downward spiral.

When it comes to effectively curing oneself of a mental illness, one must keep in mind that you must be honest with oneself and assess what kind of depression or mental illness one suffers from. See to a reputable psychiatrist to get yourself diagnosed properly as well to get the correct depression treatment. Here are the various kinds of depression:

Manic or Bipolar depression – is recognizable by sudden and extreme mood swings. One minute (day or week) the sufferer is in a state of euphoria while the next minute (day or week) the sufferer is in a private hell.

Postpartum depression – is recognizable by long periods of depression and a feeling of emptiness in a new mother where physical stress during child birth and / or an uncertain sense of responsibility towards the new born child are just some of the possible factors why some new mothers go through this illness.

Dysthimia – is recognizable by a perfunctory similarity with bipolar (manic) depression. In this case, however, it has been seen to be much less severe, although, doctors say that, any case of depression should be treated at once.

Cyclothemia – is recognizable by a similarity with Manic or Bipolar depression wherein the person suffering from this mental disease can sometimes suffer from severe mood swings.

Seasonal Affective Disorder – is recognizable by falling into a rut only during specific seasons (i.e. Winter, Spring, Summer or Autumn). However, studies show that more people become depressed during the Winter and Autumn seasons. And lastly, mood swings, where a person’s mood can change from happy to sad to angry in a relatively short period of time.

However, the type of depression that has been proven to be most prevalent, is anxiety depression, which is actually recognizable by someone being overly anxious about some things. Anxiety is a normal behaviour that actually will help someone cope more with certain stressful activities like a first date or a gruelling exam the following day. Anxiety helps you get ready for facing certain “difficult situations”. Therefore, anxiety is actually quite a good, natural emotion.

Anxiety depression however, is just the opposite. However, it should not be lightly dismissed as a “case of the jitters”. Anxiety depression is in actuality an disease that can be caused by the actual DNA of a person, or, in other words, it can be an hereditary disease.

Furthermore, there are actually various sorts of anxiety depression too. Each kind has its own unique characteristics. Take for instance Generalized Anxiety Disorder or GAD. This kind of anxiety depression is a lot more complicated than the average anxiety depression, despite it possibly being a daily problem for those who suffer from this anxiety depression, Generalized Anxiety Disorder actually makes the individual much more paranoid than normal. Anxiety attacks are much more frequent, even absurdly so at times.

Suffers can be anxious even when there’s no apparent reason that calls for them to behave in that way. People suffering from Generalized Anxiety Disorder actually show a lot of characteristics, from lack of sleep, to being unable to relax, getting tired easily, inability to concentrate on what they’re doing and suffering from depression. This kind of anxiety depression is still curable though.

Consult a reputable cognitive behavioural therapist who will give you the therapy that you need to help you loosen up. Furthermore, prescribed medicines are a must to help sufferers combat anxiety attacks, help them calm down and help them relax.

Doctors now recognize the link between anxiety and depression, find out more on our siteat Treating Depression

Part of the problem in finding drugs which may be effective for dementia is that our ideas about what constitutes dementia have been undergoing radical change in recent years. It had been traditional to distinguish between Alzheimer’s dementia, or senile dementia of the Alzheimer’s type (SDAT) and multi-infarct dementia (MID), which is theoretically caused by small strokes which insidiously pick off brain tissue to the point where an individual’s cognitive function is compromised.

It was originally thought that MID accounted for 60%+ of the dementias. Accordingly, early attempts to treat the dementias concentrated on the multi-infarct dementias. The initial hypothesis was that these multiple small strokes were being caused by a process of hardening of the arteries, sometimes called arteriosclerosis and sometimes atherosclerosis (although these terms refer to two quite different disorders) which impaired blood supply to the brain. The logical treatment, therefore, for this condition was to attempt to dilate blood vessels. This led to the use of a wide number of vasodilating drugs such as hydralazine.

It is quite rare now for such drugs to be used for this purpose. Arguably, if anything, such treatment may have made the condition somewhat worse in that a potential effect of vasodilators is the reduction of blood pressure and reducing blood pressure would mean that the brain would be less perfused with blood, as one of the functions of blood pressure in the first instance is to provide the propulsive force to send blood up against the force of gravity to perfuse the brain.

Stage 2

More recent attempts to treat the dementias have proceeded on the basis that Alzheimer’s dementia is the commonest form of dementia. For many years, the term Alzheimer’s dementia was reserved for dementias that came on before the age of 65 (for this reason it was also called persenile dementia), which were not obviously caused by strokes. It was conceded that there was another dementia that was like Alzheimer’s dementia, which appeared to come on after the age of 65 but this was thought to be less common. Distinctions on the basis of age have now collapsed and both dementias of the Alzheimer type are now called senile dementia of the Alzheimer type. The amalgamation of these two groups led to an awareness that Alzheimer’s-type dementia is the commonest form. The primary therapeutic focus in the field, therefore, has been on an attempt to reverse the deficits which are supposed to be present in SDAT.

In particular, it has been held that in Alzheimer’s, there is a dysfunction of cholinergic pathways in the brain, for which there are both historical and clinical reason. Historically, when early work in psychopharmacology began, there were only four known neurotransmitters – noradrenaline, 5-HT, dopamine and acetylcholine (ACh). Noradrenaline quickly became the neurotransmitter involved in depression and mood disorders. Dopamine was known to be involved in Parkinson’s disease, and, when it became clear that neuroleptics acted on it, schizophrenia, after which the psychoses in general came to be seen as disorders of dopamine neurotransmission. For the most part, 5-HT was associated with either depression or anxiety. This left ACh without a function. It seemed convenient to parcel it out to the dementias.

There was, in addition, some clinical evidence in favour of an association between the cholinergic system and dementia. Part of the reason for this claim can be seen in a number of the chapters of this blog, in which drugs with anticholinergic effects have been noted as potentially causing amnesia or confusion (see The Management of Side Effects & Side Effects of Antidepressants articles).

Stage 3

In the last 5 years, a number of other dementias have been described. A distinction has been drawn between cortical and subcortical dementias. The cortex of the brain is the area responsible for higher cognitive functions, such as speaking, reading, planning and executing actions, etc In the cortical dementias, memory is usually the function most noticeably affected but those who are affected also have problems with planning even simple functions such as dressing and they typically cannot read, draw or execute any complex tasks. Alzheimer’s and MID are cortical dementias. There are also subcortical parts to the brain which are common to humans and other mammals. They involve a number of what are termed midbrain and brainstem structures.

Read more at dementia managing